|
Tajik,〔http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tgk〕 or Tajiki, Tajik Persian, Tajiki Persian (sometimes written ''Tadjiki'' or ''Tadzhiki'' or ''Forsii Tojiki''; (unicode:Тоҷикӣ), (unicode:Форсии Тоҷикӣ), , , ) a Southwestern Iranian language that is genetically closely related to such major languages as Persian and Dari. It is considered a variety of the Persian language. In the beginning of the twentieth century, Tajik was considered by a number of writers and researchers to be a variety of Persian〔Lazard, G. 1989〕 (Halimov 1974: 30–31, Oafforov 1979: 33). The popularity of this conception of Tajik as a (less prestigious) variety of Persian was such that, during the period in which Tajik intellectuals were trying to establish Tajik as a language separate from Persian, Sadriddin Ayni, who was a prominent intellectual and educator, had to make a statement that Tajik was not a bastardized dialect of Persian.〔Shinji ldo. (Tajik ). Published by UN COM GmbH 2005 (LINCOM EUROPA)〕 The issue of whether Tajik and Persian are to be considered two dialects of a single language or two discrete languages〔Studies pertaining to the association between Tajik and Persian include Amanova (1991), Kozlov (1949), Lazard (1970), Rozenfel'd (1961), and Wei-Mintz (1962). The following papers/presentations focus on specific aspects of Tajik and their bistoricallmodern Persian counterparts: Cejpek (1956), Jilraev (1962), Lorenz (1961, 1964), Murav'eva (1956), Murav'eva and Rubinl!ik (1959), Ostrovskij (1973), and Sadeghi ( 1991 ).〕 has political sides to it (see Perry 1996).〔 Today Tajik is recognized as an autonomous West-Iranian language, independent from Persian and Dari, though genetically linked to them.〔Review of Tajik. By Shinji Ido. (Language of the world/materials 442.) Munich: LINCOM Europa, 2005. Pp. 98. ISBN 3895863165. Reviewed by Andreea S. Calude, The University of Auckland // eLanguage October 29th, 2008〕 Tajik is the official language of Afghanistan and Tajikistan. In Afghanistan, where Tajiks make up a large part of the population, their speech is less influenced by Turkic languages and is called Dari. Tajik has diverged from Persian as spoken in Afghanistan and Iran due to political borders, geographical isolation, the standardization process, and the influence of Russian and neighboring Turkic languages. The standard language is based on the northwestern dialects of Tajik (region of old major city of Samarqand), which have been somewhat influenced by the neighboring Uzbek language as a result of geographical proximity. Tajik also retains numerous archaic elements in its vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar that have been lost elsewhere in the Persophone world, in part due to its relative isolation in the mountains of Central Asia. ==Geographical distribution== The most important historically Tajik/Persian-speaking cities of Central Asia—Samarqand and Buxoro—are in present-day Uzbekistan. Ethnic Tajiks are still a majority in these ancient cities. Today, virtually all Tajik speakers in Bukhara are bilingual in Tajik and Uzbek. This Tajik–Uzbek bilingualism has had a strong influence on the phonology, morphology, and syntax of Bukharan Tajik.〔Shinji Ido. (Bukharan Tajik ). Muenchen: LINCOM EUROPA 2007〕 Tajiks are also found in large numbers in the Surxondaryo Province in the south and along Uzbekistan's eastern border with Tajikistan. Tajik is still widely spoken in Samarqand and Buxoro today, as Tajiks account for perhaps 70% of the total population of Samarqand and have been estimated to make up as much as 90% of Buxoro.〔Richard Foltz, "The Tajiks of Uzbekistan", ''Central Asian Survey'', 15(2), 213-216 (1996).〕〔http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/1999/369.htm〕 Official statistics in Uzbekistan state that the Tajik community comprises 5% of the nation's total population.〔Uzbekistan. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency (December 13, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-12-26.〕 However, these numbers do not include ethnic Tajiks who, for a variety of reasons, choose to identify themselves as Uzbeks in population census forms.〔See for example the Country report on Uzbekistan, released by the United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (here ).〕 During the Soviet "Uzbekization" supervised by Sharof Rashidov, the head of the Uzbek Communist Party, Tajiks had to choose either to stay in Uzbekistan and get registered as Uzbek in their passports or leave the republic for the less-developed agricultural and mountainous Tajikistan.〔Rahim Masov, ''The History of the Clumsy Delimitation'', Irfon Publ. House, Dushanbe, 1991 . English translation: (''The History of a National Catastrophe'' ), transl. Iraj Bashiri, 1996.〕 The "Uzbekization" movement ended in 1924.〔http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Masov/MasovHistoryNationalCatastrophe.pdf〕 Native Tajiks living in the nation of Uzbekistan have reportedly estimated that Tajiks make up 25–30% of the nation's population.〔 Tajiks constitute 80% of Tajikistan's population, and Persian dominates in most parts of the country. Some Tajiks in Badakhshan in southeastern Tajikistan, where the Pamiri languages are the native languages of most residents, are bilingual. Tajiks are the dominant ethnic group in Northern Afghanistan as well, and are also the majority group in scattered pockets elsewhere in the country, particularly urban areas such as Kabul, Mazar, Kunduz, Ghazni and Herat. Tajiks constitute between 25% and 30% of the total population of the country. In Afghanistan, the dialects spoken by ethnic Tajiks are written using the Perso-Arabic script and referred to as Dari, along with the Persian dialects of other groups in Afghanistan such as the Hazara and Aimaq. 50% of Afghan citizens are native speakers of Dari. A large Tajik-speaking diaspora exists due to the instability that has plagued Central Asia in recent years, with significant numbers of Tajiks found in Russia, Kazakhstan, and beyond. This Tajik diaspora is also the result of the poor state of the economy of Tajikistan, and each year approximately one million men leave Tajikistan in order to gain employment in Russia.〔http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2013/07/201372393525174524.html〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tajik language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|